Current and future therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer’s disease: an overview of drug development bottlenecks

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common chronic neurodegenerative worldwide. It causes cognitive dysfunction, such as aphasia and agnosia, mental symptoms, behavioral abnormalities; all of which place a significant psychological economic burden on patients’ families. No specific drugs are currently available for treatment AD, current AD only delay onset progression. The pathophysiological basis involves abnormal deposition beta-amyloid protein (Aβ), tau phosphorylation, decreased activity acetylcholine content, glutamate toxicity, autophagy, inflammatory reactions, mitochondria-targeting, multi-targets. US Food Drug Administration (FDA) has approved five clinical use: tacrine, donepezil, carbalatine, galantamine, memantine, lecanemab. We have focused newer that undergone trials, not been successful result excessive side effects or poor efficacy. Although aducanumab received rapid approval from FDA 7 June 2021, its long-term safety tolerability require further monitoring confirmation. In this literature review, we aimed to explore possible mechanisms underlying occurrence development AD. anti-Aβ anti-tau drugs, mitochondria-targeting multi-targets, commercially bottlenecks encountered in drug development, targets therapeutic strategies future development. hope present new concepts methods therapies